Analysis and Classification of Foreign Object Characteristics in the Airflow Entering Aircraft Gas-Turbine Engines, and Strategies for Preventing Their Ingestion

Abstract

The paper examines the operational conditions of aircraft (airplanes and helicopters) under which foreign solid particles (dust, sand, and others) enter their engines and cause damage. The characteristics of solid particles ingested into the engine, such as size, mass, density, abrasiveness, and other properties—are analyzed, as these parameters determine the type and extent of damage sustained by engine components (including the compressor, turbine, and other parts). The study also proposes methods for reducing and preventing such damage.