Failure Modes of Layered Structures

Abstract

This study examines the mechanical behavior of multilayer composite structures, the specific features of their computational modeling, and the predominant mechanisms of structural failure. Layered systems are widely used in modern engineering due to their favorable combination of low weight and high stiffness–strength characteristics. The paper focuses on three-layer (sandwich-type) constructions in which the core is frequently formed by a honeycomb structure.
Two principal approaches to the computational modeling of layered structures are presented: the first treats the entire laminate as a single integrated system, whereas the second approach applies individual hypotheses to each layer, taking into account interlayer contact and boundary conditions.
The paper describes the primary failure modes observed in such systems, including face-sheet debonding, local buckling of load-bearing layers, compressive or shear failure of the honeycomb core, peel-type debonding, and complex combined deformation modes that are especially characteristic of honeycomb structures. It is demonstrated that most failure modes are governed not only by the properties of the outer face sheets but also by the geometric characteristics of the honeycomb core (cell size, wall thickness), its elastic and mechanical parameters, and the quality of the face–core bonding.
Methods for evaluating critical loads and conditions for local instability are also discussed, providing an essential basis for the optimal design of honeycomb sandwich panels. The findings have significant practical relevance for aerospace, space technology, civil engineering, and mechanical engineering applications.